Abstract –

In the community of wireless sensors, routing protocols play a totally dominating role, which significantly enables sensors to extend their lifetimes and be used more often. In wireless sensor networks that are restricted by the available signal strength, poor signal strength utilisation and imbalanced energy distribution are having a significant impact on the community’s ability to function. Therefore, the most significant challenge in wireless sensor networks is the development of strength-efficient routing protocols that are both environmentally friendly and economical routing algorithms (WSNs). It provides a classification and evaluation according to a newly proposed taxonomy that differentiates nine classes of protocols. These nine classes are as follows: latency-conscious and energy-efficient routing; next-hop choice; community structure; initiator of verbal exchange; community topology; protocol operation; delivery mode; direction status; and application type. The results of simulations using the NS-3 simulator for the LEACH, Mod-LEACH, iLEACH, and M-Gear protocols reveal that the routing project has to be largely focused on a variety of practical ways to improve the network lifetime and ensure greater coverage of the sensing site.

Keywords:Wireless sensor networks; routing; energy efficiency; reliability; lifetime.